1 Multimedia Content Production adalah penggunaan beberapa media (teks, audio, graphics, animation, video dan interactivity) yang berbeda dalam menyampaikan suatu informasi atau menghasilkan produk multimedia seperti video, audio, musik, film, game, entertaintment, dll.
Digital watermarking is the technique used to embed author's credentials, logo or some other information into digital images which can be used in authentications for courtroom evidence, copyright claims and other applications. The objective of this work is to develop a feasible and invisible watermark embedding hardware for the secure digital cameras using LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. Bind watermarking tecnique is proposed here. The proposed architecture considers constraints of digital camera such as area, speed, power, robustness and invisibility. The algorithm is evaluated under the attacks like JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group compression, noise, scaling and rotation to verify robustness and invisibility properties. Watermarking processor is described using Verilog HDL and synthesized using μm technology UMC standard cell library for VLSI implementation. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... DWT based implementation needs to store results at each level of computation, so the memory requirement increases. This is one of the reasons for higher area requirement compared to DCT based approaches [10]. ...... An authentication digital camera is a camera with built-in copyright protection and security mechanism for images produced by it. [10,19,20] have presented various secure digital camera models. ...... In [10] DWT based implementation is used to develop a feasible and invisible watermark embedding hardware for the secure digital camera. The proposed scheme of the secure watermarking has described using Verilog HDL, and synthesized using technology UMS standard cell library for VLSI implementation. ...Mustafa Osman Rameshwar RaoThe increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews watermarking techniques, by focusing on the hardware based implementation of digital image watermarking. Digital watermarking is an authentication method that has received a lot of attention in the past few years. Through this paper we will survey some digital image watermarking schemes which have been implemented by using hardware techniques. Also the study shows the similarities and differences between different types and then assesses the benefits gained from the use of this technology.... A method for field programmable gate array FPGA and System-on-Chip SoC implementation is part of this research. In [11], the authors demonstrate a hardware capable of an invisible watermark embedding with the LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. The suggested structural design addresses the limitations of standard digital cameras. ...Smart Healthcare is envisioned as the combination of traditional healthcare augmented by smart bio-sensors, wearable devices and a plethora of on-body sensors that communicate with smart hospitals, smart emergency response systems, and ambulances, through advanced information and communication technologies. The vision of smart healthcare as part of a smart city relies on the framework of the Internet of Things IoT as the underlying core technology that enables the design and operation of a city, whereby smart technology, energy grids, transportation, buildings, communication, and information technology, are all interconnected. The present paper address some of the challenges faced in the IoT infrastructure, specifically secure communication and user authentication in the context of automated analysis of biomedical images and communication of the analysis results and related metadata in a smart healthcare framework. A hardware architecture for a Secure Digital Camera SDC integrated with the Secure Better Portable Graphics SBPG compression algorithm, suitable for applications in the IoT, is proposed in this paper. The focus of this work is on patient data protection and authentication. The proposed SBPG architecture offers two layers of protection concurrent encryption and watermarking which address all issues related to security, privacy, and digital rights management DRM. The experimental results demonstrate that the new compression technique BPG outperforms JPEG in terms of compression quality and compressed file size while providing increased image quality. High performance requirements of BPG have been met by employing two techniques 1 insertion of an encrypted signature in the center portion of the image, and 2 frequency domain watermarking using block-wise DCT of size 8×8 pixels. These approaches optimize the proposed architecture by decreasing computational complexity while maintaining strong protection, with concomitant increase of the speed of the watermarking and compression processes. A Simulink prototype for the proposed architecture has been built and tested. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the hardware architecture for BPG compression with built-in image authentication capability for integration with a secure digital camera is the first one ever proposed.... It also provides a method for field programmable gate array FPGA implementation. Darji et al. [2] show hardware capable of entrenching invisible watermark using LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. In [3], a novel scheme is introduced to support pictures and illustrations captured by digital cameras. ...This paper proposes a hardware architecture for a Secure Digital Camera SDC integrated with Secure Better Portable Graphics SBPG compression algorithm. The proposed architecture is suitable for high performance imaging in the Internet of Things IoT. The objectives of this paper are twofold. On the one hand, the proposed SBPG architecture offers double-layer protection encryption and watermarking. On the other hand, the paper proposes SDC integrated with secure BPG compression for real time intelligent traffic surveillance ITS. The experimental results prove that the new compression technique BPG outperforms JPEG in terms of compression quality and size of the compression file. As the visual quality of the watermarked and compressed images improves with larger values of PSNR, the results show that the proposed SBPG substantially increases the quality of the watermarked compressed images. To achieve a high performance architecture three techniques are considered first, using the center portion of the image to insert the encrypted signature. Second, watermarking is done in the frequency domain using block-wise DCT size 8×8. Third, in BPG encoder, the proposed architecture uses inter and intra prediction to reduce the temporal and spatial redundancy.... Its compatibility was also assessed with different multi-media constructing electrical devices, and system-on-achip SoC technology is a central component of the model. Darji et al. [17] show the development of hardware capable of entrenching invisible watermarks using a LeGall 5/3 Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT. In the suggested structural design, the authors have considered all the limitations of a digital camera. ...Image or video exchange over the Internet of Things IoT is a requirement in diverse applications, including smart health care, smart structures, and smart transportations. This paper presents a modular and extensible quadrotor architecture and its specific prototyping for automatic tracking applications. The architecture is extensible and based on off-the-shelf components for easy system prototyping. A target tracking and acquisition application is presented in detail to demonstrate the power and flexibility of the proposed design. Complete design details of the platform are also presented. The designed module implements the basic proportional–integral–derivative control and a custom target acquisition algorithm. Details of the sliding-window-based algorithm are also presented. This algorithm performs $20times $ faster than comparable approaches in OpenCV with equal accuracy. Additional modules can be integrated for more complex applications, such as search-and-rescue, automatic object tracking, and traffic congestion analysis. A hardware architecture for the newly introduced Better Portable Graphics BPG compression algorithm is also introduced in the framework of the extensible quadrotor architecture. Since its introduction in 1987, the Joint Photographic Experts Group JPEG graphics format has been the de facto choice for image compression. However, the new compression technique BPG outperforms the JPEG in terms of compression quality and size of the compressed file. The objective is to present a hardware architecture for enhanced real-time compression of the image. Finally, a prototyping platform of a hardware architecture for a secure digital camera SDC integrated with the secure BPG SBPG compression algorithm is presented. The proposed architecture is suitable for high-performance imaging in the IoT and is prototyped in Simulink. To the best of our- knowledge, this is the first ever proposed hardware architecture for SBPG compression integrated with an embeddings are fundamentally a form of word representation that links the human understanding of knowledge meaningfully to the understanding of a machine. The representations can be a set of real numbers a vector. Word embeddings are scattered depiction of a text in an n-dimensional space, which tries to capture the word meanings. This paper aims to provide an overview of the different types of word embedding techniques. It is found from the review that there exist three dominant word embeddings namely, Traditional word embedding, Static word embedding, and Contextualized word embedding. BERT is a bidirectional transformer-based Contextualized word embedding which is more efficient as it can be pre-trained and fine-tuned. As a future scope, this word embedding along with the neural network models can be used to increase the model accuracy and it excels in sentiment classification, text classification, next sentence prediction, and other Natural Language Processing tasks. Some of the open issues are also discussed and future research scope for the improvement of word encoding complexity of an image format is a vigorously updating area of study in the field of two-layer protection with wavelet transform compression. In the proposed method, hybrid 2D-FDCT watermarking and RSA encryption for multispectral images predicted an efficient system. This approach satisfies the encryption security, robustness and classification accuracy retention of an algorithm. The two-layer protection of encrypted and embedded watermark image followed by wavelet transform compression minimizes the file size in the exhaustive process for encoding. An important merit is that encoding time is very much reduced in contrast to other security and compression mechanisms. The enhanced value of PSNR as well as trade-off of MES, normalized cross-correlation, the average difference and structural content improves the storage large file size medical image and improves bandwidth to an acceptable level. Priya DhinaMamatha G SKeratoconus detection and diagnosis has become a crucial step of primary importance in the preoperative evaluation for the refractive surgery. With the ophthalmology knowledge improvement and technological advancement in detection and diagnosis, artificial intelligence AI technologies like machine learning ML and deep learning DL play an important role. Keratoconus being a progressive disease leads to visual acuity and visual quality. The real challenge lies in acquiring unbiased dataset to predict and train the deep learning models. Deep learning plays a very crucial role in upturning ophthalmology division. Detecting early stage keratoconus is a real challenge. Hence, our work aims to primarily focus on detecting an early stage and multiple classes of keratoconus disease using deep learning models. This review paper highlights the comprehensive elucidation of machine learning and deep learning models used in keratoconus detection. The research gaps are also identified from which to obtain the need of the hour for detecting keratoconus in humans even before the symptoms are Pendyala Aniket GokhaleThis paper utilizes a spatial domain Watermarking algorithm applicable on grayscale images. Spatial domain technique is utilized taking advantage of it low computational complexity. The initial stage of approach is accomplished by building the algorithm on MATLAB R2014a© platform and then shifting the base to ISE Design Suite platform. The VLSI implementation of the spatial domain Watermarking algorithm is targeted on device xc5vlx50t-1ff1136 of Virtex-5 family. The robustness of the Watermarking algorithm is verified by attacking the Watermarked image with various types of noise, compression, transformation and geometrical attacks. The application of Multiple Watermarking technique also renders the effectiveness and robustness of the watermarking this paper, 2D integer wavelet transform based watermarking is carried out for the grayscale image with its VLSI architectural implementations. In the 2D integer wavelet transformation the lifting scheme is adopted and the watermarking operation is carried out in the LL2 frequency subbands. The entire watermark embedding process and extraction process are modeled in MATLAB and analyzed against the signal processing attacks like compression, salt & pepper noise, rotation and Intensity transformation attacks. Finally the same algorithm is modeled using Verilog HDL and implemented using ALTERA paper proposes a new spatial domain watermarking of grayscale images and has also shown its VLSI Implementation without altering its content in real time using a secret key. The secret key is generated by searching the watermark pixel values in host image content and the location maps are marked in secret key. Therefore this algorithm is called PVSA- Pixel Value Search Algorithm. The proposed algorithm does not make any change in the host image. Thus it shows high robustness to signal processing attacks. The watermark extraction process is simple as the host content is extracted based on key. We have evaluated the robustness of the algorithm against several signal processing attacks using MATLAB. Finally we have implemented the same algorithm in verilog HDL using Altera is the process that embeds data called a watermark, tag or label into a multimedia object, such as images, video or text for their copyright protection. According to human perception, the digital watermarks can either be visible or invisible. A visible watermark is a secondary translucent image overlaid into the primary image and appears visible to a viewer on a careful inspection. The invisible watermark is embedded in such a way that the modifications made to the pixel value is perceptually not noticed and it can be recovered only with an appropriate decoding mechanism. In this paper, we present a new VLSI architecture for implementing two visible digital image watermarking schemes. The proposed architecture is designed aiming at easy integration into any existing digital camera framework. To our knowledge, this is the first VLSI architecture for implementing visible watermarking schemes. A prototype chip consisting of 28469 gates is implemented using 035" technology, which consumes 69mW power while operating at 292MHz. Saraju P. MohantyRenuka Kumara CSridhara NayakBoth encryption and digital watermarking techniques need to be in- corporated in a digital rights management framework to address different aspects of content management. While encryption transforms original multimedia ob- ject into another form, digital watermarking leaves the original object intact and recognizable. The objective is to develop low power, real time, reliable and se- cure watermarking systems, which can be achieved through hardware implemen- tations. In this paper, we present an FPGA based implementation of an invisi- ble spatial domain watermarking encoder. The watermarking encoder consists of a watermark generator, watermark insertion module, and a controller. Most of the invisible watermarking algorithms available in the literature and also the al- gorithm implemented in this paper insert pseudorandom numbers to host data. Therefore, we focus on the structural design aspects of watermarking generator using linear feedback shift register. We synthesized the prototype watermarking encoder chip using Xilinx this brief, we present a new VLSI architecture that can insert invisible or visible watermarks in images in the discrete cosine transform domain. The proposed architecture incorporates low-power techniques such as dual voltage, dual frequency, and clock gating to reduce the power consumption and exploits pipelining and parallelism extensively in order to achieve high performance. The supply voltage level and the operating frequency are chosen for each module so as to maintain the required bandwidth and throughput match among the different modules. A prototype VLSI chip was designed and verified using various Cadence and Synopsys tools based on TSMC technology with M transistors and mW of estimated dynamic is the process that embeds data called a watermark, a tag, or a label into a multimedia object, such as images, video, or text, for their copyright protection. According to human perception, the digital watermarks can either be visible or invisible. A visible watermark is a secondary translucent image overlaid into the primary image and appears visible to a viewer on a careful inspection. The invisible watermark is embedded in such a way that the modifications made to the pixel value is perceptually not noticed, and it can be recovered only with an appropriate decoding mechanism. This paper presents a new very large scale integration VLSI architecture for implementing two visible digital image watermarking schemes. The proposed architecture is designed to aim at easy integration into any existing digital camera framework. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first VLSI architecture for implementing visible watermarking schemes. A prototype chip consisting of 28 469 gates is implemented using mu/m technology, which consumes power while operating at 292 this paper, we propose an architecture that performs the forward and inverse discrete wavelet transform DWT using a lifting-based scheme for the set of seven filters proposed in JPEG2000. The architecture consists of two row processors, two column processors, and two memory modules. Each processor contains two adders, one multiplier, and one shifter. The precision of the multipliers and adders has been determined using extensive simulation. Each memory module consists of four banks in order to support the high computational bandwidth. The architecture has been designed to generate an output every cycle for the JPEG2000 default filters. The schedules have been generated by hand and the corresponding timings listed. Finally, the architecture has been implemented in behavioral VHDL. The estimated area of the proposed architecture in technology is mm square, and the estimated frequency of operation is 200 Mhz. Ingrid DaubechiesWim SweldensThis article is essentially tutorial in nature. We show how any discrete wavelet transform or two band subband filtering with finite filters can be decomposed into a finite sequence of simple filtering steps, which we call lifting steps but that are also known as ladder structures. This decomposition corresponds to a factorization of the polyphase matrix of the wavelet or subband filters into elementary matrices. That such a factorization is possible is well-known to algebraists land expressed by the formula SLn; R[z, z-1] = En; R[z, z-1]; it is also used in linear systems theory in the electrical engineering community. We present here a self-contained derivation, building the decomposition from basic principles such as the Euclidean algorithm, with a focus on applying it to wavelet filtering. This factorization provides an alternative for the lattice factorization, with the advantage that it can also be used in the biorthogonal, non-unitary case. Like the lattice factorization, the decomposition presented here asymptotically reduces the computational complexity of the transform by a factor two. Ir has other applications, such as the possibility of defining a wavelet-like transform that maps integers to integers. Ingrid DaubechiesWim SweldensThis paper is essentially tutorial in nature. We show how any discrete wavelet transform or two band subband ltering with nite lters can be decomposed into a nite sequence of simple lter - ing steps, which we call lifting steps but that are also known as ladder structures. This decomposition corresponds to a factorization of the polyphase matrix of the wavelet or subband lters into elementary matrices. That such a factorization is possible is well-known to algebraists and expressed by the formula ; it is also used in linear systems theory in the electrical engineering community. We present here a self-contained derivation, building the decomposition from basic principles such as the Euclidean algorithm, with a focus on applying it to wavelet ltering. This factorization provides an alternative for the lattice factorization, with the advantage that it can also be used in the biorthogonal, non-unitary case. Like the lattice factorization, the decomposition presented here asymptotically re- duces the computational complexity of the transform by a factor two. It has other applications, such as the possibility of dening a wavelet-like transform that maps integers to HuangChangsheng YangWatermarking is a technique for labeling digital picture by hiding secret information in the images. This paper presents a method of watermark embedding and extracting based on discrete wavelet transform of blocks and Arnold transform. Different with most previous work, which uses a random number of a sequence of bits as a watermark, the proposed method embeds a watermark with visual recognizable patterns, such as gray image in images. In the proposed method, each pixel of watermark is embedded in the wavelet coefficient of the middle and low frequency of a block in the images. Unlike other watermarking techniques that use a single casting energy, this method casts watermarks in multi-energy level. The performance of the proposed watermarking is robust to variety of signal distortions, such a JPEG, image cropping, sharpening, and blurring ChenJeanne ChenJian-Guo ChenIn this paper we propose an effective watermark scheme for embedding and extracting based on the JPEG2000 Codec process. Our embedding algorithm applies the torus automorphisms TA technique to break up and scramble a watermark. The scrambled watermark was embedded into the quantized bitstreams of JPEG2000 before the entropy coding stage. Distortion reduction DR was applied to the compressed image to lessen image degradation caused by the embedding process. Our watermark scheme is simple and easy to implement. Furthermore, it is robust to attacks like blurring, edge enhancement, and other image processing Lim Soonyoung ParkSeong-Jun KangWan-Hyun ChoIn this paper, we present an FPGA implementation of a watermarking-based authentication algorithm for a digital camera to authenticate the snapshots in a manner that any changes of contents in the still image will be reflected in the embedded watermark. All components of a digital camera and a watermark algorithm are implemented in VHDL, simulated, synthesized and loaded into an FPGA device. To achieve the semifragile characteristics that survive a certain amount of compression, we employ the property of DCT coefficients quantization proposed by Lin and Chang 2000. The binary watermark bits are generated by exclusive ORing the binary logo with pseudo random binary sequence. Then watermark bits are embedded into the LSBs of DCT coefficients in the medium frequency range. The system consists of three main parts image capture and LCD controller, watermark embedding part, and camera control unit. The FPGA implemented digital camera is tested to analyze the performance. It is shown that the watermarking algorithm can embed the watermark into the original image coming from a sensor much faster than the software implementation and the embedded image is easily transmitted to the PC by using the USB interface. The quality of the transmitted image is also comparable to the one implemented by a software SatyanarayanaR. Satish Kumar Udipi NiranjanDigital watermarking is a technique of embedding imperceptible information into digital documents. In this paper, a VLSI implementation of the digital watermarking technique is presented for 8 bit gray scale images. This implementation of fragile invisible watermarking is carried out in the spatial domain. The standard ASIC design flow for a μm CMOS technology has been used to implement the algorithm. The area of the chip is 3453×3453 μm2 and the power consumption is lifting based 1-D discrete wavelet transform DWT core is proposed. It is re-configurable for 5/3 and 9/7 filters in JPEG2000. Folded architecture is adopted to reduce the hardware cost and achieve the higher hardware utilization. Multiplication is realized in hardwired multiplier with coefficients represented in canonic signed-digit CSD form. It is a compact and efficient DWT core for the hardware implementation of JPEG2000 encoderJames L. MannosDavid J. SakrisonShannon's rate-distortion function provides a potentially useful lower bound against which to compare the rate-versus-distortion performance of practical encoding-transmission systems. However, this bound is not applicable unless one can arrive at a numerically-valued measure of distortion which is in reasonable correspondence with the subjective evaluation of the observer or interpreter. We have attempted to investigate this choice of distortion measure for monochrome still images. This investigation has considered a class of distortion measures for which it is possible to simulate the optimum in a rate-distortion sense encoding. Such simulation was performed at a fixed rate for various measures in the class and the results compared subjectively by observers. For several choices of transmission rate and original images, one distortion measure was fairly consistently rated as yielding the most satisfactory appearing encoded SweldensIn this paper we present the basic idea behind the lifting scheme, a new construction of biorthogonal wavelets which does not use the Fourier transform. In contrast with earlier papers we introduce lifting purely from a wavelet transform point of view and only consider the wavelet basis functions in a later stage. We show how lifting leads to a faster, fully in-place implementation of the wavelet transform. Moreover, it can be used in the construction of second generation wavelets, wavelets that are not necessarily translates and dilates of one function. A typical example of the latter are wavelets on the sphere. Keywords wavelet, biorthogonal, in-place calculation, lifting 1 Introduction At the present day it has become virtually impossible to give the definition of a "wavelet". The research field is growing so fast and novel contributions are made at such a rate that even if one manages to give a definition today, it might be obsolete tomorrow. One, very vague, way of thinking about...Design and implementation of a progressive image coding chip based on the lifting wavelet transformC C LiuY H ShiauJ M Jou

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Sale!$ $ or 4 payments of $ with Wizit learn moreOnly 1 left in stock can be backordered Description Additional information Create it your way with the Mont Marte Dual Tip Markers. Featuring 24 rich colours and high-quality ink, these alcohol markers are suitable for designers, illustrators and fine artists. These dual tip markers have a chisel tip and a fine bullet tip to cover all your mark making levelAlcohol-based ink24 rich coloursSuitable for designers, illustrators and fine artistsDual tip chisel and fine bullet tipHigh quality ink can be layered to create depth Watches(Lots 501 - 586), Jewellery (Lots 587 - 760), Pens (Lots 761 - 772) and Handbags (Lots 773 - 875) Image watermarking has become an important tool for intellectual property protection and authentication. In this paper a watermarking technique is suggested that incorporates two watermarks in a host image for improved protection and robustness. A watermark, in form of a PN sequence will be called the secondary watermark, is embedded in the wavelet domain of a primary watermark before being embedded in the host image. The technique has been tested using Lena image as a host and the camera man as the primary watermark. The embedded PN sequence was detectable through correlation among other five sequences where a PSNR of dB was measured. Furthermore, to test the robustness of the technique, the watermarked image was exposed to four types of attacks, namely compression, low pass filtering, salt and pepper noise and luminance change. In all cases the secondary watermark was easy to detect even when the primary one is severely distorted. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... However, malicious users can modify the original data easily by adding noises or shifting GPS points to avoid hashing-based data verification schemes, such as MD5. Moreover, the conventional ID embedding based verification schemes, which are widely used in protecting copyrights of images [13], audio [16], and videos [5], cannot be applied directly in trajectories for the following reasons. ...... The implementation of data distribution procedure is shown in Algorithm 1. It mainly consists of three stages transaction generation line 1-3, identity information embedding line [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], and data transmission line [12][13]. The bottleneck of the efficiency is the identity information embedding process. ...Trajectory data has been widely used in many urban applications. Sharing trajectory data with effective supervision is a vital task, as it contains private information of moving objects. However, malicious data users can modify trajectories in various ways to avoid data distribution tracking by the hashing-based data signatures, MD5. Moreover, the existing trajectory data protection scheme can only protect trajectories from either spatial or temporal modifications. Finally, so far there is no authoritative third party for trajectory data sharing process, as trajectory data is too sensitive. To this end, we propose a novel trajectory copyright protection scheme, which can protect trajectory data from comprehensive types of data modifications/attacks. Three main techniques are employed to effectively guarantee the robustness and comprehensiveness of the proposed data sharing scheme 1 the identity information is embedded distributively across a set of sub-trajectories partitioned based on the spatio-temporal regions; 2 the centroid distance of the sub-trajectories is served as a stable trajectory attribute to embed the information; and 3 the blockchain technique is used as a trusted third party to log all data transaction history for data distribution tracking in a decentralized manner. Extensive experiments were conducted based on two real-world trajectory datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.... The watermark is then embedded in the transformed coefficients of the image such that the watermark is invisible and more robust for some image processing operations. Finally, the coefficients are inverse-transformed to obtain the watermarked image [4], [7]. ...... When one-level 2-D DWT is applied to an image, four transform coefficient sets are created. The four sets are LL, HL, LH, and HH, where the first letter corresponds to applying either a low pass or highpass filtering to the rows, and the second letter refers to the filter applied to the columns [4], [7]. The process of multiple frequency decomposition of one level is illustrated in wavelet analysis of an original image can divide image into an approximate image LL and three detail images LH, HL and HH., the approximate image hold most of the information of the original Image, while the others contain some details such as the edge and textures will be represented by large coefficients in the high frequency sub-bands [15]. ...... Eq. 11 shows an example of a 4×4 Hadamard matrix, which H 2 is obtained using 9 and 10. 2 1 1 ...... This result has the same with the values in 17. And the inverse WHT of X is obtained as follows 2,4,6]. The computation of FWHT algorithm can be illustrated in Fig. 1 [17]. ...... For instance, in 0, the authors proposed a dual watermarking technique in the DWT domain for intellectual property protection and authentication. In [3], a DCT-DWT approach is presented combining image authentication primary watermark and compression of color components secondary watermark. In [4], a JPEG2000-based approach is presented to protect content integrity by embedding a fragile and a robust watermark into different resolution layers and different embedding regions of a host image. ...... The aim is to allow admissible manipulations such as JPEG compression, but to reject malicious manipulations that change the visual content. Commonly used techniques extract features representing the image content and re-embed these features as watermark information into the host image data [3], [4], [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12]. Some approaches involve image positions of edges, contours or zerocrossings in the spatial domain whose existence is proved during the verification process. ...Mathias SchlauwegDima PröfrockBenedikt ZeibichErika MüllerA digital watermarking approach highly robust to lossy image compression is presented. It is shown how geometrically warping objects can be used to imperceptibly embed information into images for the purpose of property rights protection. Common lossy image compression is optimized for maintaining the geo-metric image structure. Hence, as we demonstrate, the embedded information is not affected by a successive embedding approach in the compression domain. This second watermarking scheme is used for an efficient JPEG2000-based image authentication, which is robust to JPEG compression and other allowed signal processing operations. We enhance positive wavelet-based water-marking approaches proposed in recent years by image adaptive perceptual modeling and error correction coding without raising a security gap. Our new method is secure in contrast to most of the schemes proposed so far. Lots of popular features of the JPEG2000 compression framework such as quality and resolution scalability, lossless image rotation and flipping are supported. All coefficients of the wavelet decomposition are protected using our new extended scalar quantization and hashing scheme.... The watermark is then embedded in the transformed coefficients of the image such that the watermark is invisible and more robust for some image processing operations. Finally, the coefficients are inversetransformed to obtain the watermarked image [4], [7]. ...... When one-level 2-D DWT is applied to an Image, four transform coefficient sets are created. The four sets are LL, HL, LH, and HH, where the first letter corresponds to applying either a low pass frequency operation or highpass frequency operation to the rows, and the second letter refers to the filter applied to the columns [4], [7]. Which is shown in wavelet analysis of an original image can be divided into an approximate image LL and three detail images LH, HL and HH. , the approximate image hold most of the information of the original image, while the others contain some details such as the edge and textures will be represented by large coefficients in the high frequency sub-bands [15]. ...P Ramana Reddy Munaga V N K PrasadD. Sreenivasa RaoThe central idea of this paper is to develop an algorithm that embeds the watermark information without much distortion to the Image , while making it possible to extract the watermark by use of correlation. We begin by modifying the frequency coefficients of the Image, based on human visual systems perception of Image content, which is used to embed a watermark such that its amplitude is kept below the distortion sensitivity of the pixel and thus preserving the Image quality . The operation of embedding and extraction of the watermark is done in frequency domain , and it is checked for different noise attacks like salt and pepper and Gaussian. We spread spectrum technique for watermarking, such as pseudo random sequences enabling an easier generation, encryption and much better detection of the watermark .This water marking scheme deals with the extraction of the watermark information in the absence of original Image blind watermarking, also we make use correlation based watermark detection.... Evidently, this scenario is considered as an extension to the traditional single-watermark embedding schemes and exhibits minimal modifications with moderate security performance [6,13,28,34]. In the second, the fragile and robust watermarks are embedded sequentially in a dynamic manner [33,36,46,49]. However, the second embedding stage must not introduce a serious change to the former embedding. ... Hazem Munawer Al-OtumImage watermarking has been developed, recently, to meet the various concerns in multimedia copyright protection and forgery detection due to the explosive growth in multimedia sharing applications. In this work, a novel dual color image watermarking is developed for copyright protection, authentication and recovery applications. The proposed scheme is semifragile with three main pillars a the utilization of the WPT features for mark embedding by creating the so-called nested WPT trees, b the insertion of the optimizing stage, before embedding, to aid proper selection of the scheme parameters for both robust and fragile mark bits, and, c the development of the multi-level thresholding and selective quantization procedure that aims at modifying the nominated WPT locations only when required. Here, the input color image is split into its three color RGB triplets that are applied sequentially to WPT, then, nested trees that link the color triplets are created. Two watermarks are embedded into the obtained nested trees in a dual-watermarking approach. Here, the image digests are prepared, in the YCbCr domain, and used for recovery purposes. An optimizing procedure is developed to determine the proper locations, within each tree, for embedding of the digests for recovery purposes. At the extraction stage, the extracted robust mark bits are linked to the extracted authentication mark bits to construct the final extracted robust watermark, while the authentication mark bits are stepped forward to be used for authentication and recovery applications by mining the hidden image digest bits. Experimental results have shown that the proposed scheme has a high imperceptibility performance and could survive severe unintentional attacks. In case of intentional attacks, the scheme has shown a high forgery detection accuracy and recovery performance.... Image processing is defined as certain mathematical operations with the use of signal processing, where the input might be image, picture, image collection, video or photo frame, while image processing's output might be image or set of image-associated parameters or features [1][2][3]. A lot of image processing approaches involves view the images as two-dimesional 2D signal as well as utilizing standard approaches for signal processing. ...Information security is considered as one of the important issues in the information age used to preserve the secret information throughout transmissions in practical applications. With regard to image encryption, a lot of schemes related to information security were applied. Such approaches might be categorized into 2 domains; domain frequency and domain spatial. The presented work develops an encryption technique on the basis of conventional watermarking system with the use of singular value decomposition SVD, discrete cosine transform DCT, and discrete wavelet transform DWT together, the suggested DWT-DCT-SVD method has high robustness in comparison to the other conventional approaches and enhanced approach for having high robustness against Gaussian noise attacks with using denoising approach according to DWT. Mean square error MSE in addition to the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR specified the performance measures which are the base of this study's results, as they are showing that the algorithm utilized in this study has high robustness against Gaussian noise attacks.... The invisible watermark is used for protection/back up of the visible watermark. In [18], a dual watermarking technique based on DWT was done, a secondary watermark of PN sequence was embedded in the DWT domain of a primary watermark. ... Anu BajajDigital watermarking has become a promising research area to address the challenges faced by the rapid distribution of digital content over the internet. Secret message, logo or label is embedded into multimedia data such as text, image, audio, and video some imperceptibly for various applications like copyright protection, authentication, and tamper detection etc., known as watermarks. Based on the requirement of the application the watermark is extracted or detected by detection device. Digital watermarking gives a seamless interface to the users so that they may be capable of transparently utilizing protected multimedia as compared to traditional methods of security. In this paper, an outline of digital image watermarking and extensive/exhaustive survey of the various techniques used in the area of image watermarking is presented. Keywords— Digital Watermarking, Spatial domain, DCT, DWT, Arnold Transform, Contuorlet Transform, SVD. I. INTRODUCTION The internet has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. The use of information and communication technology ICT in day to day processes is continuously rising around the world. Therefore, it seems intuitive that applying internet use to provide real time coverage of stories, publishing newspapers, magazines, music, still images and enhanced video sequences would yield commercial benefits by providing a fast and inexpensive way to distribute their work. It becomes very easy to search and develop any digital content on the internet. But there is a serious problem faced about unauthorized and illegal access and manipulation of multimedia files over internet. Everybody can obtain copies of copyrighted multimedia openly at low cost and with no loss of information, for the commercial profit. That is so called intelligent property piracy. Digital watermarking has come to the attentions of many researchers to protect the Intellectual property rights of publishers, artists, distributers and photographers. Digital watermarking can be defined as to insert a secret message or logo into the original media source by using signal processing method. It provides a high level of security; as the location of embedded information is secret, and the watermark algorithm is also not public. Digital watermarking consists of watermarking structure, an embedding algorithm and extraction or detection algorithm. Generally, the effective and efficient watermarking scheme should satisfy certain properties to be reliable, such as imperceptibility, invisibility, unambiguity, low complexity, and either fragility or robustness, based on the watermarking application [2]. Also, digital watermarks should be difficult to remove or change without damaging the host signal. Watermarking is used for various applications viz. copyright protection, broadcast monitoring, authentication, fingerprinting. Watermarking techniques can be classified in various ways. Whether there is the need of the original image for watermark extraction or detection, watermarking is classified to blind, semi-blind and non-blind watermarking techniques. It can be classified on the basis of visibility of watermark, whether visible or invisible. On the basis of how the watermark be embedded in the image; either by changing the pixels spatial or by transformation domain. This paper is organized into six sections. The subsequent section briefly explains the watermarking system. Section III discuss about watermarking requirements and its applications. Section IV talk about the theoretical foundations of watermarking algorithms. Section V gives the comprehensive study of existing algorithms. And we conclude this paper in Section VI.... Watermarking is mainly used for copy protection and copyright-protection [4], [5]. For any watermarking technique to be valid, it must satisfy three important requirements perceptual invisibility, robustness against various image processing attacks, as well as security [6]. ... Ghassan MahmoodDigital watermarking is a technology to ensure and facilitate data authentication, security and copyright protection of digital media. In this paper, we employ a dual image watermarking and cryptography to achieve the requirements of robustness and security. In this method, the first watermark is encrypted by using a secret key and embedded it into the second watermark and then the result is embedded into the cover image. As well as we take some data from the cover image and add it to the second watermark to confirm the validity of the cover file and reliability of watermark. Also, we hide the secret key into the second watermark for more safety. Finally, experimental results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed method.... This transform is advantageous than the others transforms. Applying DWT on the digital image divides it into four non overlapping sub bands called LL, LH, HL and HH [13]. Coarse scale of DWT coefficients is represented by LL while fine scale coefficients are represented by LH, HL and HH sub bands. ...Sangeeta Yadav Priyanka AnandIn today’s world, a large number of data is available on the Internet. It is almost impossible to deal with numerous challenges like copyright protection, content identification, verification and authentication of digital data. Watermarking is a technique that is used all over the world to solve the issue of copyright protection. Digital watermarking is used due to its wide range of applications from copyright protection, protection of digital data, digital fingerprinting to author authentication to many more. This paper mainly deals with a different video watermarking technique based on frequency domain and their comparison is evaluated on the basis of Peak-Signal-To-Noise PSNR Ratio. This comparison is done in the MATLAB/Simulink which is an interactive tool for simulation purposes.... This technique proved to be more robust than the DCT method when embedded zero-tree wavelet compression and halftoning were performed on the watermarked images. Maha Sharkas et al. [11] Senior Members IEEE, proposed a dual digital image watermarking technique for improved protection and robustness. They applied frequency domain technique DWT into the primary watermark image and then embedded secondary watermark in the form of a PN sequence. ...... The watermark embedding procedure is depicted in followed by a detailed explanation [11][12][13][14] ...Encryption and watermarking are complementary lines of defense in protecting multimedia content. Recent watermarking techniques have therefore been developed independent from encryption techniques. In this paper, we present a hybrid image protection scheme to establish a relation between the data encryption key and the watermark. Prepositioned secret sharing allows the reconstruction of different encryption keys by communicating different activating shares for the same prepositioned information. Each activating share is used by the receivers to generate a fresh content decryption key. In the proposed scheme, the activating share is used to carry copyright or usage rights data. The bit stream that represents this data is also embedded in the content as a visual watermark. When the encryption key needs to change, the data source generates a new activating share, and encrypts the corresponding data with the key constructed from the new activating share. Before transmission, the encrypted data is embedded in a multimedia stream. Each receiver can extract the encrypted data from the host image, and decrypt this data after reconstructing the same key. Our presentation will include the application of the scheme to a test image, and a discussion on the data hiding capacity, watermark transparency, and robustness to common attacks. Keywords discrete cosine transform, discrete wavelet transform, and international data encryption algorithm IDEA, Bit correct ratio.... In [4], the dual watermark is a combination of a visible and an invisible one, curried out in a spatial domain. The scheme proposed in [5], the secondary watermark image is embedded in the wavelet domain of a primary watermark before being embedded in the host image. ... Huda NajiImage watermarking has become an important tool for intellectual property protection and authentication. In this paper a watermarking technique is suggested that two visible watermarks in a host image for improved protection and robustness. If one of watermarks is tampered , the other watermark be used as a back up . We propose three watermarking schemes called visible dual watermarking using wavelet transform two schemes are working in wavelet domain and the other is a mixture of spatial and wavelet domains .The Proposed watermarking method is robust against attacks like DCT , DWT and JPEG compression schemes ,and some geometric manipulation like image resizing .... For any watermarking technique to be valid, it must satisfy three important requirements namely perceptual invisibility, robustness against various image processing attacks, as well as security [4]. ...In this paper, a video watermark technique is proposed. The proposed technique depends on inserting invisible watermark in Low Frequency DCT domain using pseudo random number PN sequence generator for the video frames instead of high or mid band frequency components. This technique has been realized using Matlab and VHDL. The system has been implemented on Xilinx chip XC5VLX330T. The result of implementation shows that maximum frequency MHZ. The experimental and implementation results has been demonstrated and discussed.... In [2], authors highlighted that the invisible digital image watermarking can carry the significant information. Authors [3] discussed the algorithm to increase the robustness and protection. In paper [4], A. Essaouabi, E. Ibnelhaj, F. Regragui explained watermarking scheme that can embed a watermark to an arbitrarily shaped object in an image. ...paper gives the idea of the method digital image watermarking algorithm which is new popular topic for research. The Discrete wavelet is the tool used for digital image watermarking. Wavelet transform has been applied widely in watermarking research as its excellent multi- resolution analysis property. The watermark logo is embedded based on the frequency coefficients of the discrete wavelet transform. The detailed wavelet coefficients of high frequency band of the host image are altered by the watermark logo. The algorithm has been tested for different types of host images under the presence of attacks like Jpeg compression, bit planer reduction, cropping, warping etc. The watermark logo is added in the host image in frequency domain which gets spread over the whole part of the host image in time domain. The existing system is robust to provide the security.... The watermark extraction scheme is the inverse of embedding procedure. S. Maha et al.[5] proposes a wavelet based watermarking algorithm. Two watermarks are embedded. ...Embedding of the digital watermark in an electronic document proves to be a viable solution for the protection of copyright and for authentication. In this paper we proposed a watermarking scheme based on wavelet transform, genetic programming GP and Watson distortion control model for JPEG2000. To select the coefficients for watermark embedding image is first divided into 32×32 blocks. Discrete Wavelet Transform DWT of each block is obtained. Coefficients in LH, HL and HH subbands of each 32×32 block are selected based on the Just Noticeable Difference JND. Watermark is embedded by carefully chosen watermarking level. Choice of watermarking level is very important. The two important properties robustness and imperceptibility depends on good choice of watermarking level. GP is used to obtain mathematical function representing optimum watermarking level. The proposed scheme is tested and gives a good compromise between the robustness and study proposes a novel method for multipurpose image watermarking for both ownership verification and tampered region localization. Two watermarks robust and fragile are inserted into the host image. Robust watermark insertion is done by PSO particle swarm optimization optimized scaling of the singular values; utilizing the singular value decomposition SVD. Doing so, leads to reduction in visibility changes better imperceptibility of host image as well as enhanced performance of watermarked image towards attacks better robustness. Fragile watermark insertion is done by making use of SVD and chaotic sequence block feature’s dependent. The image is first divided into non overlapped blocks and block based Arnold transformed is performed. Then after, block grouping is done of scrambled blocks to breakdown their independence in order to sustain the vector quantization and collage attacks. The proposed scheme is tested against various signal processing attacks and results shows a good existing watermarking schemes usually have only a single function, a region-adaptive semi-fragile dual watermarking scheme is proposed, taking into account both watermark embedding capacity and security. The dual watermarks refer to the robust watermark and the fragile watermark. The original image is divided into three regions, a no watermark region, a fragile watermark region, and a robust watermark region, and, then, the interrelated robust and fragile watermarks are embedded into different regions. The robust and fragile watermarks do not relate to embedding order, and the extracted fragile watermark further strengthens the extracted robust watermark, which makes it more adaptable to the Human Visual System HVS. Different techniques have been developed to embed different types of watermarks. To increase the embedding capacity and achieve blind extraction, a status code technology was used to embed the robust watermark. To resist the erase attack and achieve blind extraction, a new special bit substitution technology is proposed to embed the fragile watermark. The experimental results show that the proposed dual watermark scheme has higher PSNR, better security, and larger capacity and also achieves the dual functions of copyright protection and integrity YangIn order to enhance the robustness of roust watermark technology, a zero-watermark technology is proposed based on discrete wavelet transformation DWT and singular value decompositionSVD. It conducts DWT with the original image, divides its low frequency band into blocks, and conducts SVD with every block. Zero-watermark is derived by judging the parity of the first digit of the biggest singular value in every block. Experiments show that it possesses strong robustness against various YangThe single watermark algorithms always merely have single function. In order to overcome the drawback, a multi-purpose dual watermark algorithm is proposed in the paper, taking advantage of the stability of singular values. It divides the original image into several blocks, and inserts robust watermark into their singular values. Then it inserts the fragile watermark into LSB in the space domain of previous watermarked image. Moreover, it designs a rule to distinguish malicious tamper from unintentional tamper. It tests not only robust watermark's robustness towards attacks, but also fragile watermark's influence towards robustness as well as the ability to tamper detection and localization. The experimental results show that the robust watermark possesses strong robustness to resist attacks, and that the fragile watermark is very sensitive to tamper and has good accuracy of tamper localization. Therefore it can achieveD. KannanM. GobiThe improvements in internet technologies and growing demands on online multimedia businesses have made digital copyrighting as a major challenge for businesses that are associated with online content distribution via diverse business models including pay-per-view, subscription, trading, etc. Copyright protection and evidence for rightful ownership are the major issues associated with the distribution of any digital images. Digital watermarking is a probable solution for digital content owners that offer security to the digital content. In recent years, digital watermarking plays a vital role in providing the apposite solution and numerous researches have been carried out. In this paper, an extensive review of the prevailing literature related to the image watermarking is presented together with classification by utilising an assortment of techniques. In addition, a terse introduction about the digital watermarking is presented to get acquainted with the vital information on the subject of digital massive spreading of broadband networks and new developments in digital technology has made ownership protection and authorisation of digital multimedia a very important issue. The reason is the availability of powerful tools for editing, lossless copying and transmission of digital multimedia such as images. Image watermarking is now an effective solution for the problem of authentication and protection of copyrighted image content. In this paper, discrete wavelet transform DWT-based watermarking technique is proposed in which mean energy of the each of 32 × 32 block in the CH and CV subbands is calculated and range of coefficients that exceed the mean energy of the block are selected for watermark embedding. Watson perceptual distortion control model is considered to keep the perceptual quality of the image and genetic programming GP is used to provide optimum watermarking level for the selected coefficients. The results show that there is almost no difference between original and watermarked image demonstrating key feature of imperceptibility. The technique has been tested and proves to be effective against a set of malicious attacks. Jobin AbrahamProposed image watermarking scheme embeds identification watermark in certain selected regions where modifications introduced during the process of watermarking is less sensitive to HVS Human Visual System. Edge detectors are used to estimate regions in the image where intensity changes rapidly. Modifications to such pixel will not attract the attention of human eyes. Watermark is thus integrated imperceptibly into the digital images. The proposed is a scheme for embedding a unique index number as watermark for content tracking and SarmaAmrita GangulyThe emerging interest in the field of digital watermarking is due to the increase in concern over copyright protection of digital information and prevention of unauthorized access and manipulation of digital data. In this paper, a new robust and blind digital image watermarking algorithm based on combined DCT-DWT transformation is proposed. The host image is decomposed into four subbands using the first level DWT and then second level DWT is performed on the HL subband. The two smaller sub bands of the HL sub band LH2 and HL2 are used to embed the watermark in order to enhance the security of the algorithm. Here, 8x8 DCT is carried out on these two subbands and the middle frequency coefficients of the DCT blocks are selected to embed the watermark. Experimental results show that the new algorithm provides high imperceptibility as well as high robustness against different attacks such as JPEG compression, Gaussian noise, Salt & Pepper noise, Speckle noise, Scaling property protection of digital images and multimedia is a prickly and largely unsolved problem. A highly robust biometric, dual watermarking technique using hand vein feature is proposed in this paper for securing digital images. In visible watermarking, the hand vein feature of an individual is embedded to the host image using Discrete Cosine Transform DCT in spatial domain. The invisible watermark is then EX-ORed with the bit planes of visible watermarked image. The hand vein biometric characteristic has been used to measure the identity of the recipient. This dual watermarking technique establishes owner's right to the NinSergio RicciardiDigital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a noise-tolerant digital signal such as image or audio data. Such information is embedded in a way difficult to be removed in order to easily identify relevant information for many different purposes, such as the copyright ownership of the media, source tracking, piracy deterrence, etc. There is an extensive literature about watermarking algorithms and methods as well as possible attack techniques. In this work we collect a part of this vast literature in order to make easier for a non-expert reader about watermarking to have a high-level overview on new trends and technologies related to multimedia watermark algorithms and late security problems related to smart cards have seen a significant rise and the risks of the attack are of deep concern for the industries. In this context, smart card industries try to overcome the anomaly by implementing various countermeasures. In this paper we discuss and present a powerful attack based on the vulnerability of the linker which could change the correct byte code into malicious one. During the attack, the linker interprets the instructions as tokens and are able to resolve them. Later we propose a countermeasure which scrambles the instructions of the method byte code with the Java Card Program Counter jpc. Without the knowledge of jpc used to decrypt the byte code, an attacker cannot execute any malicious byte code. By this way we propose security interoperability for different Java Card platforms. Hong ShenBo ChenWatermarking as a powerful technique for copyright protection, content verification, covert communication and so on, has been studied for years, and is drawing more and more attention recently. There are many situations in which embedding multiple watermarks in an image is desired. This paper proposes an effective approach to embed dual watermarks by extending the single watermarking algorithms in Xie and Shen 2005 [1] and Xie and Shen 2006 [2] for numerical and logo watermarking, respectively. Experimental results show that the resulting dual watermarking algorithms have a significantly higher PSNR than existing dual watermarking algorithms and also retain the same robustness as and higher sensitivity than the original single watermarking algorithms on which they are is a technique which consists in introducing a brand, the name or the logo of the author, in an image in order to protect it against illegal copy. The capacity of the existing watermark channel is often limited. We propose in this paper a new robust method which consists in adding the triangular matrix of the mark obtained after the Schur decomposition to the DCT transform of the host image. The unitary matrix acts as secret key for the extraction of the mark. Unlike most watermarking algorithms, the host image and the mark have the same size. The results show that our method is robust against attack techniques as JPEG compression, colors reducing, adding noise, filtering, cropping, low rotations, and histogram ZhangLi MaXiu-juan XingCurrently, robust, invisible double digital watermarking technology becomes the most popular and challenging direction, it has aroused great concern in the international community in recent years. The single watermark algorithms always merely have single function. In order to overcome the drawbacks, a multi-purpose dual watermark algorithm based on wavelet transform and image partition is presented in the paper. The algorithm embeds both robust watermark and fragile watermark to one video sequence by using DWT and multiple embedded methods. The later embedded fragile watermark is served for the early robust watermark. The experiment results show the proposed algorithm is more robust and imperceptible, and it can achieve copyright protection and content authentication at the same YeA robust zero-watermark algorithm is proposed, which is based on singular value decomposition and discreet cosine transform. The image is firstly spilt into non-overlapping blocks. Afterwards, every block is conducted with singular value decomposition, and its singular value matrix is transformed with discreet cosine transform. The robust zero-watermark sequence is derived from comparing the numerical relationship between two direct coefficients from adjacent blocks. Experimental results of robustness tests show that it has good robustness against various YeTwo robust zero-watermark algorithms in hybrid transform domains are proposed. The first one is realized in hybrid transform domains of discreet cosine transform DCT and singular value decomposition SVD, and the other one is realized in hybrid transform domains of discreet wavelet transform DWT, DCT and SVD. The first algorithm divides an image into non-overlapping blocks, transforms every block with DCT, and conducts SVD on the upper left corner of every block’s DCT matrix. Finally, it produces the zero-watermark sequence by judging the parity of norm’s highest digit. The second algorithm transforms an image with DWT, divides its LL band into non-overlapping blocks, and transforms every block with DCT, then conducts SVD on the upper left corner of every block’s DCT matrix. Finally, it produces the zero-watermark sequence by judging the parity of norm’s highest digit. It is easy to find out that both of them have perfect visual effect. Experimental results show that as to images with different textures, both of them have good robustness against various Yong-mei Ma LiXing Xiu-juanWang Kai-fenResearch of robust and invisible double digital watermark is one of the hot fields currently, and it has received considerable attention. To change the situation that many methods about watermarking are based on embedding one single watermark, a new double digital watermark algorithm on the basis of discrete cosine transformation and image blocks is presented. The algorithm embeds both robust watermark and fragile watermark to one video sequence by using DCT and multiple embedded methods. The later embedded fragile watermark is served for the early robust watermark. The experiment results verify the algorithm achieves better robustness and imperceptibility. Yanyou WuQianqian ShiKun WangYangjiao SongThe electrochemical approach coupled with Sb microelectrode was developed to determine the carbonic anhydrase activity in a wide range. The sensing response of the microelectrode had a good linear relationship between potential and pH value in barbital buffer. The temperature would not affect the linear relationship. During the determination, the open-circuit potential method was taken to monitor the whole course of the reversible conversion catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, and then the initial part of uniform velocity from the reaction curve was chosen to calculate the reaction velocity the time to change one unit of pH. This technique, in comparison with the conventional method was used to determine the activities of bovine red blood cells carbonic anhydrase, foliar carbonic anhydrase and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in some plants. The result showed that the electrochemical approach coupled with Sb microelectrode would obtain more credible, accurate data than the conventional method. KeywordspH change–Carbonic anhydrase–Sb microelectrodes–Open-circuit potential OCPIn this chapter, a robust image watermarking algorithm in discrete wavelet transform DWT domain for stereo image coding is presented. First, a disparityimage is computed from the pair of stereo images using a frequency domain based matching criteria. Later, this disparity-image is used as a watermark and embedded into the left stereo image based on a modifying singular values concept. The strength of watermark is optimized using a real coded genetic algorithm to achieve the task of invisibility and robustness. The proposed scheme can achieve the following three main advantages. Any illegal user can not extract any information from the watermarked image since the host image is degraded using the ZIG-ZAG sequence. The second is that a legal user can retrieve the embedded watermark disparity-image and so able to recover 3-D information and right image of the stereo-pair. The third advantage is its robustness to the various attacks. Experimental results are presented to evaluate the performance of proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy and novel adaptive dual image watermarking technique is suggested and tested. The technique embeds a PN sequence which is the primary watermark into an image a secondary watermark and the resulting image is then embedded in the host image. The technique is implemented in the wavelet domain and the embedding factor alpha is first chosen arbitrary so as to improve the invisibility and robustness and then chosen adaptively depending on the energy content of the image to be watermarked in order to improve the performance. The technique is implemented on several gray scale images and then on several color images. The best achieved peak signal to noise ratio PSNR in case of gray scale images reached db whereas in color images it was YeZhaofeng MaXinxin NiuYixian YangThe copyright protection of digital content is one of the aims of digital right management DRM, among which digital watermarking is one of the key supporting technologies. This paper proposes a robust zero-watermark algorithm, which produces the zero-watermark sequence according to the parity of the first digit of the biggest singular value in every block. It essentially doesn't embed any watermark in the original image, thus the watermarked image is the same as its original counterpart. Experimental results show that it has good robustness against various attacks. Moreover, its computation is so low that it is easy to be applied into the practice of digital rights watermarking is a promising technique to help protect data security and intellectual property rights. In a digital watermarking scheme, it is not convenient to carry the original image all the time in order to detect the owner's signature from the watermarked image. Moreover, for those applications that require different watermark for different copies, it is preferred to utilize some kind of watermark independent algorithm in extraction does not need a priori knowledge of the watermark. In this paper we present a new hybrid watermarking scheme based on independent component analysis and the RGB decomposition. We present a novel strategic invisible approach for insertion-extraction of a digital watermark a color image, into color images. The novelty of our scheme makes use of Blind Source Separation model by manipulating the least significant levels of the blue channel so as not to bring about a perceptible change in the marked published machine vision algorithms are designed to be real-time and fully automatic with low computational complexity. These attributes are essential for applications such as stereo robotic vision. Motion Picture Digital Visual Effect facilities, however, have massive computation resources available and can afford human interaction to initialise algorithms and to guide them towards a good solution. On the other hand, motion pictures have significantly higher accuracy requirements and other unique challenges. Not all machine vision algorithms can readily be adapted to this environment. In this paper we outline the requirements of visual effects and indicate several challenges involved in using image processing and machine vision algorithms for stereo motion picture visual image watermarking is frequently used for many purposes, such as image authentication, fingerprinting, copyright protection, and tamper proofing. Imperceptibility and robustness are the watermark requirements of good watermarks. In this paper, we propose the Fast Walsh Hadamard transform FWHT combined with the Discrete Cosine Transform DCT as a new image watermarking scheme. The FWHT reorders the high-to-low sequence components contained in the signal. This scheme produces high perceptual transparency of the embedded watermark. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has good visual perception and is robust against Chen Hong ShenXie and Shen improved Barni's basic pixelwise masking model and proposed a more robust wavelet-based watermarking algorithm against attacks including filtering, noise addition and compression. By extending their work, a new robust fragile double image watermarking algorithm is presented. Using the improved pixel-wise masking model and a new bit substitution based on pseudo-random sequence, our method embeds robust watermark and fragile watermark into the insensitive robust part and sensitive part of the wavelet coefficients of the host image respectively. This makes the two watermarks non-interfering and increases the watermarking capacity of the host image without reducing watermark robustness. Experimental results validated these desirable properties of the proposed method, and showed that our method has a higher PSNR than the existing double image watermarking schemes, while retaining the same robustness as the single watermarking MorganWe see the field of metareasoning to be the answer to many large organizational problems encountered when putting together an understandable cognitive architecture, capable of commonsense reasoning. In this paper we review the EM1 implementation of the Emotion Machine critic-selector architecture, as well as explain the current progress we have made in redesigning this first version implementation. For this purpose of redesign and large-scale implementation, we have written a novel programming language, Funk2, that focuses on efficient metareasoning and procedural reflection, the keystones of the critic-selector architecture. We present an argument for why the Funk2 programming language lends itself to easing the burden on programmers that prefer to not be restricted to strictly declarative programming paradigms by allowing the learning of critic and selector activation strengths by credit assignment through arbitrary procedural this paper we propose a DWT based dual watermarking technique wherein both blind and non-blindalgorithms are used for the copyright protection of the cover/host image and the watermark use the concept of embedding two watermarks into the cover image by actually embedding only one, toauthenticate the source image and protect the watermark simultaneously. Here the DWT coefficients of theprimary watermark logo are modified using another smaller secondary binary image sign and the midfrequencycoefficients of the cover/host image. Since the watermark has some features of host imageembedded in it, the security is increased two-fold and it also protects the watermark from any misuse orcopy attack. For this purpose a new pseudorandom generator based on the mathematical constant p hasbeen developed and used successfully in various stages of the algorithm. We have also proposed a newapproach of applying pseudo-randomness in selecting the watermark pixel values for embedding in thecover image. In all the existing techniques the randomness is incorporated in selecting the location toembed the watermark. This makes the embedding process more unpredictable. The cover image which iswatermarked with the signed-logo is subjected to various attacks like cropping, rotation, JPEGcompression, scaling and noising. From the results it has been found that it is very robust and has goodinvisibility as has not been able to resolve any references for this publication. ArtiKata watermark dalam KBBI | Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) acuan tertinggi dan bahasa Indonesia yang baku, karena merupakan bahasa Indonesia terlengkap dan paling akurat. KBBI ini adalah kamus ekabahasa resmi bahasa Indonesia yang disusun oleh Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa dan diterbitkan oleh Balai Pustaka yang
Digital watermarking has recently emerged as a solution to the problem of providing guarantees about copyright protection of digital images. However, several problems related to the robustness of invisible watermarking techniques from malicious or non-malicious attacks still remain unsolved. Visible watermarking is an effective technique for preventing unauthorized use of an image, based on the insertion of a translucent mark, which provides immediate claim of ownership. Digital watermarking technology primarily joins the rightful owner of totem to the protected media. Once the media are suspected to be illegally used, an open algorithm can be used to extract the digital watermark, for the purpose of showing the media's ownership. A reversible visible watermarking scheme is proposed to satisfy the applications, in which the visible watermark is expected to combat copyright piracy but can be removed to recover the original image without loss. In this paper, we propose a reversible visible watermark method, which embeds QR code into gray-scale images to create a visible watermark. Not using complex calculations, this paper tries to simply change the pixel value to achieve the digital watermark. Furthermore, a reversible steganographic method is used to embed the watermarking information, which can be used to recover the original images, into the watermarking images. To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.... Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012 afirmam que o sistema QR code tornou-se popular fora da indústria devido à sua rápida legibilidade e grande capacidade de armazenamento em comparação aos códigos de barras padrões. Segundo os autores, o sistema consiste em módulos pretos arranjados em quadrado em um fundo branco e é composto de quatro tipos padronizados de modos de dados, a saber alfanuméricos; byte; kanji ou virtualmente qualquer tipo de dados. ...... Segundo os autores, o sistema consiste em módulos pretos arranjados em quadrado em um fundo branco e é composto de quatro tipos padronizados de modos de dados, a saber alfanuméricos; byte; kanji ou virtualmente qualquer tipo de dados. Os usuários que levam a câmera do celular ao código de barras, por meio um aplicativo decodificador, podem obter informações diretamente, como URLs, dados de texto e imagens, com uma economia significativa de tempo Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012. O código QR consome menos espaço para grandes informações em comparação com qualquer outra tecnologia Kavitha & Shan, 2017. ...... Dentre as vantagens do QR Code, os autores citam alta codificação de dados e a capacidade de correção de erros, pois os dados podem ser restaurados mesmo se o QR Code for parcialmente sujo ou danificado. Hsu & Wu & Wang 2012 afirmam em seu estudo que a marca d'água digital invisível emergiu recentemente como solução para o problema de fornecer garantias sobre direitos autorais em imagens digitais, mas mesmo assim elas ainda sofrem ataques maliciosos de violação. Nesse sentido, propõem um método de marca d'água visível reversível, que incorpora o código QR em imagens em escala de cinza. ...The objective of this work was to consolidate the studies regarding RFID and QR code technologies in the context of military organizations. RFID and QR code are technologies that aim to contribute to the control and management of information in search of optimizing organizational processes. Thus, understanding the current state of the art on these technologies are important to know the key contributions and challenges. This study is an exploratory, quantitative approach, based on the Theory of Consolidated Analytic Meta Approach, through a systematic review of the literature. A total of 208 articles were analyzed, of which 60 were from the Web of Science database and 148 from Scopus. The results revealed that the subject has been gaining importance in the last years, due to the increasing number of citations related to the theme. From the analysis of the key words and the main articles on the subject it was also noticed that the applications of RFID technology have been much more widespread than the QR code in the military scope. Among the main applications perceived is a wireless system of identification, with the aid of RFID technology, that contributes to security, logistics, management and communication in the military field. In order to deepen the analysis of the bibliographic research, maps were made with the co-citations and bibliographic coupling for the two databases. In addition, a table was presented summarizing the main advantages and disadvantages of RFID and QR code applications in the military mentioned in the main articles.... Consequently, the concept of "Information Hiding" [1] has been proposed. Then theory of Cryptography [2] and watermarking [3] has been developed. But in the present days, thanks to the rising computational supremacy, regular cryptographic and watermarking algorithms have been established to be evidence for weak point against mathematical and statistical methods. ...... Here apply it in Cover and Stego images to see the difference between these two images. The Correlation shows in equation 3. ... Dr- Indradip BanerjeeInternet expertise's are now carrying a imperative responsibility in our habitual living. It has the advantages along with the disadvantages; it can generate the requirements of information hiding technology for maintaining the secrecy of the secret information. Steganography is most fashionable information hiding technique in modern day situation, which comes from a Greek word " εγαν-, γραφ-ειν " means " covered or hidden writing ". Extensive capacity of effort has been carried out by different researchers in this ground. In this contribution, a novel special domain image Steganography method has been proposed which has been design based on prime factor calculation on pixel intensity.... QR codes have been utilized in watermarking techniques for years. They were either embedded in arbitrary images [HWW12] or vice versa [VR12]. For the latter case, data was embedded in the QR code, which acted as a container to hide information [HCF11,BMT13]. ...QR code is a 2D matrix barcode widely used for product tracking, identification, document management and general marketing. Recently, there have been various attempts to utilize QR codes in 3D manufacturing by carving QR codes on the surface of the printed 3D shape. Nevertheless, significant shape editing and modulation may be required to allow readability of the embedded 3D-QR-codes with good decoding accuracy. In this paper, we introduce a novel QR code 3D fabrication framework aimed at unobtrusive embedding of 3D-QR-codes in the shape hence introducing minimal shape modulation. Essentially, our method computes bi-directional carvings in the 3D shape surface to obtain the black-and-white QR pattern. By using a directional light source, the black-and-white QR pattern emerges as lighted and shadow casted blocks on the shape respectively. To account for minimal modulation and elusiveness, we optimize the QR code carving shape geometry, visual disparity and light source position. Our technique employs a simulation of lighting phenomena through carved modules on the shape to ensure adequate contrast of the printed 3D-QR-code.... The robust watermark inserted into the region of interest ROI based on Integer Wavelet Transform IWT and the secondary watermark is embedded by the LSB substitution for tamper localization and recovery. A visual watermark method of implanting Quick Response QR Code image onto the grayscale image [10] is proposed. The insertion method changes the pixel values by adding positive random values to them, such that the altered results are visible. ...P. SivananthamaitreyP. Rajesh KumarDual digital watermarking has emerged as a successful solution for copyright protection, tamper detection and localization. However, several problems related to the robustness, capacity, tampered area detection still mystifying. This paper presents a high capacity dual watermarking mechanism for digital colour images. An invisible robust watermark is embedded in the Green component of the host image by using a hybrid combination of Stationary Wavelet Transform SWT and Singular Value Decomposition SVD for copyright protection. A fragile invisible watermark based on the Least Significant Bit LSB replacement approach is embedded in the Blue composition of the image for tamper detection and localization. The proposed technique focuses on robustness and imperceptibility while maximizing embedding capacity that makes this technique a multipurpose watermarking scheme.... " Information Hiding " term is the catching focuses now a days for the safety and security. Subsequently the philosophy of Cryptography[1]and watermarking[2]has been urbanized. The word " Security " is a very catching term from prehistoric age and the significance has been changed in contemporary age, because the research in reverse engineering techniques has been increased the processing power, most important race between researches in cryptanalysis[3]and watermarking detection[4]. ...... Safety and security of communication system proposed "Information Hiding". Then theory of Cryptography [2] and watermarking [3] has been developed. The word "Security" is not the same like some years back, because the research in reverse engineering techniques has been increased the processing power, most important race between researches in cryptanalysis [4] and watermarking detection [5]. ...... The watermarking images with QR codes has already drawn the attention of the research community in several works such as [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]. Moreover, there is an application of QR code embedding in audio [15]. ...With the continuous adoption of the web and the increase of connection speeds, people are more and more sharing multimedia content. The main problem that is created by this approach is that the shared content become less and less search-friendly. The information that is shared, cannot be easily queried, so a big part of the web becomes inaccessible. To this end, there is a big shift towards adopting new metadata standards for image and video that can efficiently help with queries over image and videos. In this work we extend our proposed method of embedding metadata as QR codes in gray scale images, to color video files with a slightly modified algorithm to make the decoding faster. We then examine the experimental results regarding the compressed file size, using a lossless encoding and the distortion of the frames of the video files. Storing the metadata inside the multimedia stream with QR format has several advantages and possible new uses that are going to be Kumari Chirag PatelIn cloud computing data and applications have been maintained using remote servers that is distributed and it utilizes internet. The main advantage of using cloud computing is that it allow user to use applications over the internet and also share files at any computer over the internet. The use of cloud computing has tremendous impact over the IT industry and also it provides efficient use of resources like bandwidth, storage and processing. As the growth of cloud computing increases many users interact with each other and security issues are arising. The cloud computing growth is hampered by these security issues. There are risks of data breach, data loss, unauthorized access, denial of services etc. In this paper the analysis cloud computing security issues and also surveyed various techniques that are used to handle cloud has been applied in the medical field that is used to enhance the safety of medical information. QR Code is used in this research to store medical image data and insert a watermark into the image using the Least Significant Bit - LSB method that can insert data into the bit sensitive area. Watermark insertion using the LSB method does not affect the image size and cannot be seen by the eye. This method insert a watermark that is distributed throughout the image. The experimental have rotated the image in 90 degrees in a clockwise direction, rotated 90 degrees in a counterclockwise direction and rotated in the opposite direction. The results of the experiment showed that the rotation of the image in the above direction did not affect the reading of the patient’s injury data from the QR Code. Nobuyuki TerauraWe propose a counterfeit detection system that uses a double-coding procedure to encode two-dimensional code. The system uses ordinary black ink, which absorbs infrared rays, and special black ink, which transmits infrared rays. Because special black is copied as ordinary black when replicated by a copying machine, the double-encoded data is lost, thereby enabling the item identified by the code to be identified as a counterfeit. The double-coded two-dimensional code is decoded by comparing the images obtained under white light and infrared radiation. If the data to be double-coded is encrypted, the counterfeiter cannot forge the double-coded two-dimensional code. Duplication can also be detected by using the data to be double-coded as encrypted data of the serial M. Gaikwad K. R. SinghThe grow of smart phone and mobile devices market, has created a new set of opportunities for companies to develop new publicity strategies. One of the most widespread forms of engaging mobile users from printed materials is based on the use of QR codes, which have been adopted for many different applications such as accessing web sites or downloading premium content. In this research work, we will be performing embedding QR code into color image and hiding information using QR code, in order to make them visually appealing to the user while maintaining acceptable decoding robustness. In contrast to previous approaches the methods presented here allows to automatically embedding QR codes into color, grayscale or binary images. These embedding are designed to be compatible with standard decoding applications and can be applied to any color image with full area coverage. The embedding problem is solved by the integration of halftoning method. Finally, we show experimental results of halftoning of color image, embedded QR code image in color image and decoded QR code image from color is connected to the internet with a sensor for understanding the property of the thing for which a two-dimensional code was used. Two-dimensional codes can play the role of connecting cyberspace to physical space, and can play a significant role in the so-called Internet of Things. Moreover, the advancement of machine vision is progressing with machine-to-machine communication. On the other hand, there is also private information, such as personal information, that should not be known by others. Current two-dimensional codes have become ubiquitous and express the cell using two colors white and black. The cell expresses white or black in one bit, and there is no confidentiality available. In response to this, we propose an addition to the existing part that can be read with conventional equipment. We propose a 'secrecy part' that cannot be read without a decryption key. Further, we propose a method for rendering these two-dimensional codes compatible with black-and-white codes. In order to generate the secrecy part, it is necessary to transform a cell into several bits. A multicolor method and a multiple-region method are used to transform the code into several bits. An evaluation of the multi-valued cells in the two-dimensional codes here proposed, with a read verification and compatibility along with the added secrecy part, was carried out using a smartphone with successful Zhang Tiegang GaoQuick Response Code QR Code has become an important entrance of O2O Online to Offline in the era of mobile internet. Many applications, such as transformation of URLs, the descriptions of these images, and so on can be realized through embedding QR Code into images. However, the embedding of QR Code may destroy some image details in the corresponding area, which is annoying, especially in these applications that need high precision. The reversible recovery of original image is of importance. A reversible visible watermarking scheme is proposed for embedding QR Code into images. One can decode the information that is encoded in the QR Code and reversibly recover the original image after the QR Code is scanned successfully. Optimization has been achieved both by utilizing the features of QR Code when encoding and decoding in the visible watermarking period and by utilizing the blocking, scanning, and preprocessing of information in the reversible data hiding period. Experimental results have demonstrated the validity and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Better image quality has been achieved by the proposed scheme compared with existing QR code based blind digital image watermarking technique with an attack detection feature is described here. The technique describes a key based framework to incorporate image, server port address or website address as watermark data; which increases the extended usability of the embedded data and the adaptability of the verification application. The watermarking problem is formulated as a signal communication problem with watermark data representation, embedding of watermark and attack detection as a source encoding, channel encoding and attenuation detection problems respectively. The mathematical aspects of the respective signal processing problems are extended to digital image watermarking with sufficient background support. The use of QR code ensures extended usability, while the application specific watermark data achieves adaptability of the verification application. The QR code is embedded into the attack resistant HH component of 1st level DWT domain of the cover image and to detect malicious interference by an attacker, a unique image registry code generated from the high frequency structural components of the stego-image is used. The key based approach and the attack resistant embedding domain makes this method robust against visually invariant attacks. The testing results show the compliance of the method with all the proposed WangThis paper presents a novel image trading mechanism based on hybrid watermarking techniques. The removable visible watermarking technique is used to provide the safe preview of the protected media. The fingerprinting is used to trace the illegal distributor. Two kinds of watermarking techniques embed watermarks in DCT domain in order to conform to compression techniques. Experimental results show that image trading mechanism based on hybrid watermarking techniques can protect the image with high technologies are now charring a vital role in our day to day life. It has the advantages along with the disadvantages also, which in term generates the requirements of information hiding technology for maintaining the secrecy of the secret information. Extensive amount of work has been carried out by different researchers in this field. In this paper, a novel special domain image Steganography method has been proposed which has been design based as an extension of the PMM method. C 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier novel reversible data hiding algorithm, which can recover the original image without any distortion from the marked image after the hidden data have been extracted, is presented in this paper. This algorithm utilizes the zero or the minimum points of the histogram of an image and slightly modifies the pixel grayscale values to embed data into the image. It can embed more data than many of the existing reversible data hiding algorithms. It is proved analytically and shown experimentally that the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR of the marked image generated by this method versus the original image is guaranteed to be above 48 dB. This lower bound of PSNR is much higher than that of all reversible data hiding techniques reported in the literature. The computational complexity of our proposed technique is low and the execution time is short. The algorithm has been successfully applied to a wide range of images, including commonly used images, medical images, texture images, aerial images and all of the 1096 images in CorelDraw database. Experimental results and performance comparison with other reversible data hiding schemes are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed this paper, we present two new methods for authentication of digital images using invertible watermarking. While virtually all watermarking schemes introduce some small amount of non-invertible distortion in the image, the new methods are invertible in the sense that, if the image is deemed authentic, the distortion due to authentication can be removed to obtain the original image data. Two techniques are proposed one is based on robust spatial additive watermarks combined with modulo addition and the second one on lossless compression and encryption of bit-planes. Both techniques provide cryptographic strength in verifying the image integrity in the sense that the probability of making a modification to the image that will not be detected can be directly related to a secure cryptographic element, such as a has function. The second technique can be generalized to other data types than bitmap to quantization error, bit-replacement, or truncation, most data embedding techniques proposed so far lead to distortions in the original image. These distortions create problems in some areas such as medical, astronomical, and military imagery. Lossless watermarking is an exact restoration approach for recovering the original image from the watermarked image. In this paper we present a novel reversible watermarking technique with higher embedding capacity considering the Human Visual System HVS. During embedding we detect the textured blocks, extract LSBs of the pixel-values from these textured blocks considering the HVS and concatenate the authentication information with the compressed bit-string. We then replace the LSBs of the textured blocks considering the HVS with this bit-string. Since we consider the HVS while extracting LSBs and embedding the payload, the distortions in the resulting watermarked image are completely reversible and imperceptible. We present experimental results to demonstrate the utility of our proposed visible watermark may convey ownership information that identifies the originator of image and video. A potential application scenario for visible watermarks was proposed by IBM where an image is originally embedded with a visible watermark before posting on the web for free observation and download. The watermarked image which serves as a "teaser." The watermark can be removed to recreate the unmarked image by request of interested buyers. Before we can design an algorithm for satisfying this application, three basic problems should be solved. First, we need to find a strategy suitable for producing large amount of visually same but numerically different watermarked versions of the image for different users. Second, the algorithm should let the embedding parameters reachable for any legal user to make the embedding process invertible. Third, an unauthorized user should be prevented from removing the embedded watermark pattern. In this letter, we propose a user-key-dependent removable visible watermarking system RVWS. The user key structure decides both the embedded subset of watermark and the host information adopted for adaptive embedding. The neighbor-dependent embedder adjusts the marking strength to host features and makes unauthorized removal very difficult. With correct user keys, watermark removal can be accomplished in "informed detection" and the high quality unmarked image can be restored. In contrast, unauthorized operation either overly or insufficiently removes the watermark due to wrong estimation of embedding parameters, and thus, the resulting image has apparent data hiding, distortions are introduced in an original image because of quantization errors, bit-replacement, or truncation at the grayscale limit. These distortions are irreversible and visible which are unacceptable in some applications like medical imaging. However, the reversible watermarking technique overcomes this problem by retrieving the original image from the watermarked image. In this paper, we present a novel reversible watermarking algorithm with a high embedding capacity considering the human visual system HVS. We use the arithmetic coding technique to compress a part of the original image and store the compressed data together with necessary authentication information as the payload. The payload is then embedded within the original image with consideration of the HVS. Due to this, the watermarked image contains no perceptible artifacts. During the extraction phase, we extract the payload, restore the exact copy of the original image and verify the authenticity. Experimental results show that our method provides a higher embedding capacity compared to the other algorithms proposed in the common drawback of virtually all current data embedding methods is the fact that the original image is inevitably distorted due to data embedding itself. This distortion typically cannot be removed completely due to quantization, bit-replacement, or truncation at the grayscales 0 and 255. Although the distortion is often quite small and perceptual models are used to minimize its visibility, the distortion may not be acceptable for medical imagery for legal reasons or for military images inspected under non-standard viewing conditions after enhancement or extreme zoom. In this paper, we introduce a new paradigm for data embedding in images lossless data embedding that has the property that the distortion due to embedding can be completely removed from the watermarked image after the embedded data has been extracted. We present lossless embedding methods for the uncompressed formats BMP, TIFF and for the JPEG format. We also show how the concept of lossless data embedding can be used as a powerful tool to achieve a variety of non-trivial tasks, including lossless authentication using fragile watermarks, steganalysis of LSB embedding, and distortion-free robust based scaling of a watermark image is of paramount importance to make the degree of marking applied variable according to the features of host images. Here. A wavelet domain visible watermarking is proposed. The scaling factors for the pixel based method are adaptively determined by the effect of luminance and local spatial characteristicsIn this paper, we propose a reversible visible watermarking algorithm to satisfy a new application scenario where the visible watermark serves as a tag or ownership identifier, but can be completely removed to resume the original image data. It includes two procedures data hiding and visible watermark embedding. In order to losslessly recover both the watermark-covered and nonwatermark-covered image contents at the receiver end, the payload consists of two reconstruction data packets, one for recovering the watermark-covered region, and the other for the nonwatermark-covered region. The data hiding technique reversibly hides the payload in the image region not covered by the visible watermark. To satisfy the requirements of large capacity and high image quality, our hiding technique is based on data compression and uses a payload-adaptive scheme. It further adopts error diffusion for improving subjective image quality and arithmetic compression using a character-based model for increasing computational efficiency. The visible watermark is securely embedded based on a user-key-controlled embedding mechanism. The data hiding and the visible watermark embedding procedures are integrated into a secure watermarking system by a specially designed user key Jun TianReversible data embedding has drawn lots of interest recently. Being reversible, the original digital content can be completely restored. We present a novel reversible data-embedding method for digital images. We explore the redundancy in digital images to achieve very high embedding capacity, and keep the distortion low. Bian YangZheming LuShenghe SunMany watermarking algorithms have been proposed based on the vector quantization VQ technique, which bases the watermark embedding and extracting schemes on the idea of quantization index modulation QIM. We review in this paper VQ-based watermarking algorithms regarding the reversibility of VQ indices in the compressed domain. Considering the reversibility is usually traded with the compression performance, we propose a new reversible image watermarking algorithm using a modified version of the traditional fast correlation based VQ FCVQ and achieves both higher compression and watermarking performance than other algorithms. The advantages of the proposed modified FCVQ include the desirable compression performance and the independently applicability in the practical case without watermarking. Simulation results demonstrated our proposed algorithm. Comparisons between our algorithm and others are this paper, we propose a new algorithm in reversible data hiding, with the application associated with the quick response QR codes. QR codes are random patterns, which can be commonly observed on the corner of posters or webpages. The goal of QR codes aims at convenienceoriented applications for mobile phone users. People can use the mobile phone cameras to capture QR code at the corner of web page, and then the hyperlink corresponding to the QR code can be accessed instantly. Since QR code looks like random noise and it occupies a corner of the original image, its existence can greatly reduce the value of the original content. Thus, how to retain the value of original image, while keeping the capability for the instant access for webpages, would be the major concern of this paper. With the aid of our reversible data hiding technique, the QR codes can be hidden into the original image, and considerable increase in embedding capacity can be expected. Next, we propose a scheme such that when the image containing the QR code is browsed, the hyperlink corresponding to the QR code is accessed first. Then, the QR code could get vanished and the original image would be recovered to retain the information conveyed therein. Simulation results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed novel reversible data hiding scheme based on invariability of the sum of pixel pairs and pairwise difference adjustment PDA is presented in this letter. For each pixel pair, if a certain value is added to one pixel while the same value is subtracted from the other, then the sum of these two pixels will remain unchanged. How to properly select this value is the key issue for the balance between reversibility and distortion. In this letter, half the difference of a pixel pair plus 1-bit watermark has been elaborately selected to satisfy this purpose. In addition, PDA is proposed to significantly reduce the capacity consumed by overhead information. A series of experiments is conducted to verify the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed Yang Ming-Han TsaiData hiding is an important way of realising copyright protection for multimedia. In this study, a new predictive method is proposed to enhance the histogram-based reversible data hiding approach on grey images. In those developed histogram-based reversible data hiding approaches, their drawbacks are the number of predictive values less to the number of pixels in an image. In these interleaving prediction methods, the predictive values are as many as the pixel values. All predictive error values are transformed into histogram to create higher peak values and to improve the embedding capacity. Moreover, for each pixel, its difference value between the original image and the stego-image remains within ±1. This guarantees that the peak signal-to-noise ratio PSNR of the stego-image is above 48±dB. Experimental results show that the histogram-based reversible data hiding approach can raise a larger capacity and still remain a good image quality, compared to other histogram-based LiuWen-Hsiang TsaiA novel method for generic visible watermarking with a capability of lossless image recovery is proposed. The method is based on the use of deterministic one-to-one compound mappings of image pixel values for overlaying a variety of visible watermarks of arbitrary sizes on cover images. The compound mappings are proved to be reversible, which allows for lossless recovery of original images from watermarked images. The mappings may be adjusted to yield pixel values close to those of desired visible watermarks. Different types of visible watermarks, including opaque monochrome and translucent full color ones, are embedded as applications of the proposed generic approach. A two-fold monotonically increasing compound mapping is created and proved to yield more distinctive visible watermarks in the watermarked image. Security protection measures by parameter and mapping randomizations have also been proposed to deter attackers from illicit image recoveries. Experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach are also Tsai Yu-Chen HuHsiu-Lien YehIn this paper, a reversible image hiding scheme based on histogram shifting for medical images is proposed. As we know, the histogram-based reversible data hiding is limited by the hiding capacity, which is influenced by the overhead of position information that has to be embedded in the host image. To solve this problem, the similarity of neighboring pixels in the images was explored by using the prediction technique and the residual histogram of the predicted errors of the host image was used to hide the secret data in the proposed scheme. In addition, the overlapping between peak and zero pairs was used to further increase the hiding to the experimental results, a higher hiding capacity was obtained and a good quality stego-image was preserved in the proposed scheme. The hiding capacity provided by the proposed scheme was approximately three times that of the original histogram-based method. Compared to the histogram-based method, the quality of the stego-image improved about dB when the same amounts of secret data were TsaiA novel visible watermarking algorithm based on the content and contrast aware COCOA technique with the consideration of Human Visual System HVS model is presented in this study. In order to determine the optimal watermark locations and strength at the watermark embedding stage, the COCOA visible watermarking utilizes the global and local characteristics of the host and watermark images in the discrete wavelet transform DWT domain. To achieve the best tradeoff between the embedding energy of watermark and the perceptual translucence, the utilization of contrast–sensitive function, noise visible function of perceptual model, and the basis function amplitudes of DWT coefficients are fine tuned, for the best quality of perceptual translucence and noise reduction of the COCOA algorithm. The experimental results demonstrate that COCOA technique not only provides high PSNR values for the watermarked images, but also preserves the watermark visibility under various signal processing operations, especially the watermark removal LuJun-Xiang WangBei-Bei LiuCopyright protection and information security have become serious problems due to the ever growing amount of digital data over the Internet. Reversible data hiding is a special type of data hiding technique that guarantees not only the secret data but also the cover media can be reconstructed without any distortion. Traditional schemes are based on spatial, discrete cosine transformation DCT and discrete wavelet transformation DWT domains. Recently, some vector quantization VQ based reversible data hiding schemes have been proposed. This paper proposes an improved reversible data hiding scheme based on VQ-index residual value coding. Experimental results show that our scheme outperforms two recently proposed schemes, namely side-match vector quantization SMVQ-based data hiding and modified fast correlation vector quantization MFCVQ-based data TsengChi-Pin HsiehFor some applications such as satellite and medical images, reversible data hiding is the best solution to provide copyright protection or authentication. Being reversible, the decoder can extract the hidden data and recover the original image without distortion. In this paper, a reversible data hiding scheme based on prediction error expansion is proposed. The predictive value is computed by using various predictors. The secret data is embedded in the cover image by exploiting the expansion of the difference between a pixel and its predictive value. Experimental results show that our method is capable of providing a great embedding capacity without making noticeable distortion. In addition, the proposed scheme is also applicable to various TsaiLong-Wen ChangA novel reversible visible watermarking algorithm is proposed. It can fully remove the watermark from the visible watermarked image such that the original image can be restored. Pixel values of original image beneath the watermark are mapped to a small range [alpha, alpha + 127] to generate a visible watermarked image. Since the mapping is many-to-one, taking inverse mapping can only approximate the original image. To restore the original image, the difference image of subtracting the approximated image from the original image and other side information are losslessly compressed to be embedded in the visible watermarked image by a reversible data embedding algorithm. We proposed a key-based scheme for the compromise between transparency and robustness. The key is a random variable with discrete normal distribution. In addition, only users with correct key can restore the original image. In the experimental results, we show the transparent degree of watermark can be controlled by the variance of the key. Users with wrong key can not restore the original image from the visible watermarked XiantingPing LingdiLi ZhuoThis paper presents a reversible data hiding scheme. The proposed scheme is based on the difference histogram shifting to spare space for data hiding. Nine basic scan paths are defined, and this means all-directional adjacent pixel differences can be obtained. Due to the fact that the grayscale values of adjacent pixels are close to each other, the all-directional adjacent pixel difference histogram contains a large number of points with equal values. Hence, more data can be embedded into the cover image than previous works based on histogram shifting. Furthermore, multi-layer embedding is used to increase the hiding capacity. In each embedding process, we can embed a large number of data into the cover image by choosing the best scan path and the optimized pixel difference. As experimental results have shown, the cover images are able to embed secret data at an average of the size of the original images while all the PSNR values of the stego images remain larger than 30 novel reversible data hiding scheme based on an integer transform is presented in this paper. The invertible integer transform exploits the correlations among four pixels in a quad. Data embedding is carried out by expanding the differences between one pixel and each of its three neighboring pixels. However, the high hiding capacity can not be achieved only by difference expansion, so the companding technique is introduced into the embedding process so as to further increase hiding capacity. A series of experiments are conducted to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed watermarking is an important intellectual property rights IPR protection technique for digital images. For some purposes such as contents used in learning web sites or digital libraries, digital images have to be released but illegal reproductions of them are prohibited. Digital images embedded with visible watermarks will contain perceptible but unobtrusive patterns. The embedded patterns should be difficult to be removed unless intensive and expensive human labors are involved. Recently, Huang and Wu have proposed an attacking scheme against visible watermarks. The structure of embedded visible watermark will be seriously destroyed and a perceptually satisfying recovered image can be obtained by this attacking scheme. To improve the robustness of current visible watermarking schemes, a novel scheme that takes advantages of visible watermarking, fragile watermarking and information hiding has been studied in our research. Simulation results demonstrate that our scheme is robust to the present attacking scheme for visible M. AlattarA reversible watermarking algorithm with very high data-hiding capacity has been developed for color images. The algorithm allows the watermarking process to be reversed, which restores the exact original image. The algorithm hides several bits in the difference expansion of vectors of adjacent pixels. The required general reversible integer transform and the necessary conditions to avoid underflow and overflow are derived for any vector of arbitrary length. Also, the potential payload size that can be embedded into a host image is discussed, and a feedback system for controlling this size is developed. In addition, to maximize the amount of data that can be hidden into an image, the embedding algorithm can be applied recursively across the color components. Simulation results using spatial triplets, spatial quads, cross-color triplets, and cross-color quads are presented and compared with the existing reversible watermarking algorithms. These results indicate that the spatial, quad-based algorithm allows for hiding the largest payload at the highest signal-to-noise is composed of the one-bit pixel on the IK. The constitution of Stem starts at Stem = 1. Step 5If S is found, then compress Stem before each addition and stratify If not, repeat step 5Dc= StemStemStep 4To find out S via Stem, which is composed of the one-bit pixel on the IK. The constitution of Stem starts at Stem = 1. Step 5If S is found, then compress Stem before each addition and stratify DC = Stem − Stem,c . If not, repeat step 5. Step 6Construct the payload bit stream as H = SC ɷ DC. Replace S with H to create I – Rm. REFERENCES
1 Reason: There might be a spelling mistake. Solution: Make sure there is a space between “SLMGR” and “-REARM”. 2. Reason: You might not open Command Prompt as Administrator. Solution: Right-click on “CMD” and select “Run as Administrator”. Open Command Prompt as Administrator. type cd \ and press enter. Buat para pecinta fotografi pasti rasanya sangat senang sekali saat karya-karya kamu bisa dinikmati bukan hanya oleh diri sendiri saja tapi juga oleh banyak orang. Untungnya, saat ini kehadiran platform media sosial seperti Instagram bisa dimanfaatkan untuk membagikan karya-karya kamu itu, geng. Namun permasalahannya adalah, banyak orang nggak bertanggung jawab yang asal ambil dan mengakuinya sebagai karya mereka sendiri. Nah, untuk menghindari hal tersebut, kamu bisa lho menambahkan watermark pada hasil foto sehingga nggak sembarang orang bisa mengakuinya. Aplikasi Untuk Membuat Watermark Jika para profesional biasanya menambahkan watermark dengan menggunakan aplikasi-aplikasi yang cukup rumit digunakan oleh orang awam, saat ini ada banyak aplikasi Andorid yang menawarkan fasilitas ini, geng. Nah, berikut adalah beberapa rekomendasi aplikasi Android untuk menambahkan watermark pada foto, geng. 1. Add Watermark on Photos Add Watermark on Photos Apps DOWNLOAD Sesuai dengan namanya, Add Watermark on Photos adalah aplikasi yang memungkinkan pengguna untuk menambahkan watermark pada sebuah foto. Menariknya, aplikasi ini menyediakan fasilitas untuk merancang sendiri desain dari watermark yang akan digunakan, geng. Selain itu, hasil watermark yang sudah dibuat juga bisa kamu simpan sebagai template sehingga bisa digunakan lagi suatu saat kemudian. Keterangan Add Watermark on Photos Developer Simply Entertaining Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 57MB Instal 1M+ Android Minimum 2. Photo Watermark Photo Watermark Apps DOWNLOAD Dikembangkan oleh developer MVTrail Tech, Photo Watermark adalah aplikasi yang memungkinkan kamu untuk menambahkan watermark dengan tingkat transparansi yang bisa ditentukan. Aplikasi Photo Watermark sendiri memiliki tampilan yang cukup sederhana sehingga mudah digunakan oleh orang awam sekalipun. Beberapa fitur yang ditawarkan oleh aplikasi ini sendiri meliputi pengambilan foto dengan kamera, pilihan font dan warna yang beragam, ratusan teks dan stiker .png bawaan, dan masih ada lagi. Keterangan Photo Watermark Developer MVTrail Tech Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 15MB Instal 1M+ Android Minimum 3. Watermark Maker - Add Watermark to Photos Watermark Maker - Add Watermark to Photos Apps DOWNLOAD Menawarkan user interface UI yang sederahana namun tetap menarik, aplikasi Watermark Maker bisa membantu kamu terhindar dari penyalahgunaan foto secara ilegal, geng. Aplikasi Watermark Maker sendiri memiliki banyak sekali fitur yang bisa membantu kamu mempermudah proses pembuatan logo watermark. Beberapa fitur yang menjadi andalannya adalah menyimpan hasil rancangan sebagai template, pilihan font, warna, dan ukuran yang bergam, tanda tangan digital, dan masih banyak lagi. Keterangan Watermark Maker - Add Watermark to Photos Developer Cute Wallpapers Studio Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas 573 Ukuran 21MB Instal 50K+ Android Minimum 4. iWatermark Free Add Watermark Text Logo Pic TM iWatermark Free Add Watermark Text Logo Pic TM Apps DOWNLOAD Telah didownload oleh lebih dari 500 ribu pengguna, aplikasi iWatermark nggak hanya tersedia untuk HP Android saja tapi juga untuk perangkat iOS, Mac, dan Windows. Serupa dengan aplikasi watermark lainnya, iWatermark menyediakan beragam fitur menarik yang dapat memudahkan pengguna saat membuat watermark. Fitur-fitur yang disediakan oleh aplikasi ini sendiri meliputi pilihan font yang beragam, pengaturan transapransi, warna, rotasi, dan lainnya. Sayangnya, aplikasi iWatermark gratis ini akan menempelkan watermark 'Dibuat dengan iWatermark' pada hasil editan, geng. Keterangan iWatermark Free Add Watermark Text Logo Pic TM Developer Plum Amazing Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 10MB Instal 500K+ Android Minimum 5. Video Watermark - Crate & Add Watermark on Videos Video Watermark - Crate & Add Watermark on Videos Apps DOWNLOAD Jika aplikasi-aplikasi sebelumnya berfungsi untuk membuat watermark dalam sebuah foto, maka aplikasi Video Watermark ini berfungsi untuk membuat watermark pada video, geng. Nggak sesulit yang mungkin kamu bayangkan, aplikasi Video Watermark adalah aplikasi yang cepat dan mudah digunakan untuk membuat dan menerapkan watermark pada video. Aplikasi Video Watermark sendiri dibekali dengan fitur-fitur yang serupa dengan aplikasi-aplikasi sebelumnya. Keterangan Video Watermark Developer Z Mobile Apps Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 57MB Instal 500K+ Android Minimum 6. Add Watermark on Videos & Photos Add Watermark on Videos & Photos Apps DOWNLOAD Lagi cari aplikasi yang menawarkan fasilitas untuk menambahkan watermark pada foto dan video sekaligus dalam satu aplikasi? Kalau gitu aplikasi satu ini cocok buat kamu download, geng. Sesuai dengan namanya, aplikasi Add Watermark on Videos & Photos ini memungkinkan kamu untuk menambahkan watermark baik pada file foto ataupun video yang kamu punya, geng. Menariknya, aplikasi Add Watermark on Videos & Photos ini diklaim mampu mempertahankan kualitas resolusi file aslinya sehingga kualitas akan tetap terjamin. Keterangan Add Watermark on Videos & Photos Developer Z Mobile Apps Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 43MB Instal 100K+ Android Minimum 7. Dynamo - Watermark Video Animasi Dynamo - Watermark Video Animasi Apps DOWNLOAD Rekomendasi terakhir aplikasi untuk membuat watermark adalah Dynamo - Watermark Video Animasi, geng. Berbeda dengan aplikasi lainnya, Dynamo menawarkan watermark dalam bentuk animasi bergerak yang bisa kamu atur sendiri desain dan gerakannya. Namun sayangnya, hasil watermark yang dibuat di aplikasi ini hanya bisa ditambahkan ke file video saja, geng. Dengan aplikasi ini, kamu nggak perlu lagi deh install aplikasi edit video yang cara penggunaannya pun lebih ribet. Keterangan Dynamo - Watermark Video Animasi Developer photoshop mobile apps Ulasan Jumlah Pengulas Ukuran 43MB Instal 100K+ Android Minimum Akhir Kata Nah, itulah tadi beberapa aplikasi untuk membuat watermark yang bisa digunakan untuk melindungi hasil karya kamu, geng. Dengan begitu, karya kamu akan aman dari tangan-tangan jahil orang yang asal main comot karya orang. Baca juga artikel seputar Aplikasi Android atau artikel menarik lainnya dari Shelda Audita. ARTIKEL TERKAIT 10 Aplikasi Download Permainan Android Terbaik 2021 Koleksinya Lengkap! Bukalapak Hilang dari Play Store, Ini Aplikasi Jual Beli Online Terbaik Lainnya! 7 Aplikasi Untuk Cek Fungsi HP Paling Akurat, Gak Perlu Diservis! 10 Aplikasi Nakal Menurut Play Store, Awas Jangan Sampe Ke-Download! 7 Aplikasi di HP yang Ternyata Dibuat oleh Artis Terkenal, Ayu Ting Ting Termasuk! 10+ Aplikasi Kompres Foto di HP Ter-Recommended 2022, Bisa Sampai 100 KB Aja! 16 Asus Zenfone 2 Laser ZE601KL ( 2.7 Jutaan ) Pilihan lain smartphone murah berkapasitas RAM 3 GB ada Asus Zenfone 2 Laser ZE601KL, yang saat ini dilepas dengan harga 2.7 jutaan rupiah. Menariknya, kapasitas RAM sebesar 3GB tersebut telah dipadukan dengan prosesor kelas mengah Snapdragon 616, sehingga mampu menghasilkan kinerja bertenaga.
Perkembangan teknologi digital mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat dan memberikan berbagai kemudahan dalam kehidupan. Salah satu diantaranya adalah pembuatan video untuk berbagai macam kebutuhan dan kepentingan. Pada saat ini, banyak terjadi pelanggaran hak cipta yang dilakukan oleh orang yang tidak bertanggung jawab seperti membajak video dengan cara merekam video tersebut. Watermarking adalah salah satu teknik yang dapat digunakan untuk melindungi hak cipta atas data multimedia dengan cara menyisipkan informasi ke dalam data multimedia tersebut. Pada Tugas Akhir ini, digunakan watermark berupa citra biner dengan ukuran 64×64 piksel, dan data video host berformat AVI dengan resolusi Full High Definition FHD yang berdurasi 10 detik dengan frame rate 30 fps. Pertama, dilakukan transformasi Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform DT-CWT untuk dekomposisi video host yang akan disisipi watermark. Kemudian dilakukan proses penyisipan watermark ke dalam data video. Proses watermarking video menggunakan metode Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform DT-CWT menghasilkan keluaran yaitu watermarked video, yang selanjutnya akan diberikan serangan digicam menggunakan kamera jenis mirrorless yang akan mengganggu sinyal. Setelah diberikan gangguan digicam, akan dilakukan proses ekstraksi untuk memisahkan watermark dan video host. Penelitian ini menghasilkan parameter terbaik pada level 1 dan pohon 1 DTCWT, layer V pada struktur YUV, subband HH, bagian real, dengan citra watermark 64×64 piksel, dan nilai penguat ? 40. Data video menghasilkan nilai rata-rata PSNR 39,2863 dB, dan BER 0,78% pada saat tanpa serangan serta BER 17,9473 % setelah diserang dengan serangan digicam. Kata Kunci Watermarking, Video Watermark, Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform, Pseudorandom Watermarking, Digicam
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Smartphonedengan kamera efek bokeh terbaik yang hasil fotonya tajam 1. Di mana y91 dibekali kamera belakang dual 13 mp, f/2.2, dan kamera depan 2 mp, f/2.4. Syarat dari foto bokeh adalah objek yang memenuhi frame. Kamera depan dan kamera belakang dari reno7 mampu menghasilkan foto portrait malam hari yang menarik.
Karenateknologi video streaming merupakan pengiriman paket data yang menggunakan jaringan paket suara yang hanya dapat melakukan transmisi data yang berupa sinyal analog. Sehingga data digital yang dihasilkan oleh perangkat sumber yang berupa kamera harus dikodekan ke dalam sinyal analog agar dapat ditransmisikan oleh jaringan. MPEG 2 dan PIYJVp.
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